Beyond Pure Silanes: Composition of Industrial Coupling Agent Systems

Commercial products often incorporate:

Co-solvents: Ethanol/isopropanol (30–60 wt%) to stabilize hydrolysis

Chelators: EDTA (0.1–0.5%) to suppress metal-ion catalyzed gelation

Surfactants: Nonionic types (e.g., Tween-20) for substrate wetting

Stabilizers: Carboxylic acids (pH buffers)

Formulation Example (Typical glass treatment):

2% γ-GPS (glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane)

40% ethanol

58% deionized water

0.05% acetic acid